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Marsupial of the family Macropodidae indigenous to Australia

Kangaroo Temporal range: Early on Miocene – Present
A female red kangaroo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Suborder:	Macropodiformes
Family:	Macropodidae Gray, 1821
Genera
Macropus Osphranter

The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "big foot"). In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, the red kangaroo, likewise equally the antilopine kangaroo, eastern gray kangaroo, and western grey kangaroo.^[i] Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia and New Republic of guinea. The Australian government estimates that 42.8 million kangaroos lived within the commercial harvest areas of Commonwealth of australia in 2019, down from 53.2 meg in 2013.^[2]

As with the terms "wallaroo" and "wallaby", "kangaroo" refers to a paraphyletic group of species. All three refer to members of the same taxonomic family, Macropodidae, and are distinguished according to size. The largest species in the family are called "kangaroos" and the smallest are generally called "wallabies". The term "wallaroos" refers to species of an intermediate size.^[3] There are also the tree-kangaroos, another blazon of macropod, which inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Republic of guinea, far northeastern Queensland and some of the islands in the region. This kind of kangaroo lives in the upper branches of trees.^[4] A general idea of the relative size of these informal terms could be:

• wallabies: head and body length of 45–105 cm and tail length of 33–75 cm; the dwarf wallaby (the smallest of all known macropod species) is 46 cm long and weighs 1.half dozen kg;
• tree-kangaroos: ranging from Lumholtz'south tree-kangaroo: body and head length of 48–65 cm, tail of 60–74 cm, weight of 7.2 kg (16 lb) for males and 5.9 kg (13 lb) for females; to the grizzled tree-kangaroo: length of 75–90 cm (30 to 35 in) and weight of 8–15 kg (18–33 lb);
• wallaroos: the black wallaroo (the smallest of the two species) with a tail length of threescore–70 cm and weight of 19–22 kg (41.8–48.5 lb) for males and 13 kg (28.6 lb) for females;
• kangaroos: a large male person can be 2 k (six ft 7 in) tall and weigh 90 kg (200 lb).

Kangaroos have large, powerful hind legs, large feet adapted for leaping, a long muscular tail for balance, and a small caput. Similar most marsupials, female kangaroos have a pouch called a marsupium in which joeys complete postnatal development.

Considering of its grazing habits, the kangaroo has developed specialized teeth that are rare among mammals. Its incisors are able to crop grass close to the ground and its molars chop and grind the grass. Since the two sides of the lower jaw are non joined or fused together, the lower incisors are farther autonomously, giving the kangaroo a wider bite. The silica in grass is annoying, so kangaroo molars are ground downwardly and they really move forward in the mouth before they eventually fall out, and are replaced by new teeth that abound in the dorsum.^[5] This procedure is known as polyphyodonty and, amongst other mammals, only occurs in elephants and manatees.

The large kangaroos have adapted much better than the smaller macropods to land clearing for pastoral agriculture and habitat changes brought to the Australian landscape by humans. Many of the smaller species are rare and endangered, while kangaroos are relatively plentiful.

The kangaroo is a symbol of Australia, appears on the Australian coat of arms^[6] and on some of its currency,^[7] and is used as a logo for some of Commonwealth of australia's most well-known organisations, such as Qantas,^[8] and as the roundel of the Royal Australian Air Force.^[9] The kangaroo is important to both Australian civilisation and the national image, and consequently there are numerous pop culture references.

Wild kangaroos are shot for meat, leather hides, and to protect grazing land.^[10] Kangaroo meat has perceived health benefits for human consumption compared with traditional meats due to the depression level of fat on kangaroos.^[xi]

Terminology

The word kangaroo derives from the Guugu Yimithirr word gangurru, referring to eastern greyness kangaroos.^{[12] [xiii]} The proper noun was first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in the diary of Sir Joseph Banks; this occurred at the site of modern Cooktown, on the banks of the Endeavour River, where HMSTry under the control of Lieutenant James Cook was beached for almost seven weeks to repair damage sustained on the Great Barrier Reef.^[14] Cook first referred to kangaroos in his diary entry of 4 Baronial. Guugu Yimithirr is the language of the people of the area.

A common myth almost the kangaroo's English name is that information technology was a Guugu Yimithirr phrase for "I don't know" or "I don't sympathise".^[15] According to this legend, Cook and Banks were exploring the area when they happened upon the animal. They asked a nearby local what the creatures were chosen. The local responded "kangaroo", said to mean "I don't know/understand", which Cook then took to be the proper noun of the beast.^[16] Anthropologist Walter Roth was trying to right this legend as far back as in 1898, just few took annotation until 1972 when linguist John B. Haviland in his research with the Guugu Yimithirr people was able to confirm that gangurru referred to a rare big dark-coloured species of kangaroo.^{[16] [17]} Notwithstanding, when Phillip Parker Male monarch visited the Attempt River region in 1819 and 1820, he maintained that the local word was not kangaroo simply menuah peradventure referring to a unlike species of macropod.^[xviii] There are similar, more than credible stories of naming confusion, such every bit with the Yucatán Peninsula.^[sixteen]

Kangaroos are ofttimes colloquially referred to as "roos".^[19] Male kangaroos are chosen bucks, boomers, jacks, or former men; females are does, flyers, or jills; and the young ones are joeys.^[xx] The commonage substantive for a group of kangaroos is a mob, court, or troupe.^[21]

Taxonomy and description

At that place are four extant species that are commonly referred to equally kangaroos:

• The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)^[22] is the largest surviving marsupial anywhere in the world. It occupies the arid and semi-arid middle of the land. The highest population densities of the red kangaroo occur in the rangelands of western New South Wales. Reddish kangaroos are commonly mistaken as the most abundant species of kangaroo, merely eastern greys actually accept a larger population.^[23] A large male can be ii metres (half dozen ft 7 in) tall and weighs ninety kg (200 lb).^[24]
• The eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus)^[22] is less well-known than the red (outside Australia), only the most often seen, every bit its range covers the fertile eastern office of the land. The range of the eastern gray kangaroo extends from the summit of the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland down to Victoria, as well equally areas of southeastern Australia and Tasmania. Population densities of eastern grey kangaroos usually peak near 100 per km^two in suitable habitats of open woodlands. Populations are more than limited in areas of land clearance, such as farmland, where wood and woodland habitats are express in size or abundance.^[23]
• The western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus)^[22] is slightly smaller again at about 54 kg (119 lb) for a large male. It is institute in the southern part of Western Australia, South Commonwealth of australia near the declension, and the Murray–Darling bowl. The highest population densities occur in the western Riverina district of New South Wales and in the western areas of the Nullarbor Obviously in Western Australia. Populations may have declined, peculiarly in agricultural areas. The species has a high tolerance to the plant toxin sodium fluoroacetate, which indicates a possible origin from the southwest region of Australia.^[23]
• The antilopine kangaroo (Osphranter antilopinus)^[22] is, substantially, the far northern equivalent of the eastern grey and western grey kangaroos. It is sometimes referred to every bit the antilopine wallaroo, but in behaviour and habitat it is more similar to the blood-red, eastern greyness and western grey kangaroos. Like them, it is a creature of the grassy plains and woodlands, and gregarious. Its name comes from its fur, which is similar in colour and texture to that of antelopes. Characteristically, the noses of males keen backside the nostrils. This enlarges nasal passages and allows them to release more heat in hot and humid climates.^[23]

In addition, there are about 50 smaller macropods closely related to the kangaroos in the family Macropodidae. Kangaroos and other macropods share a common antecedent with the Phalangeridae from the Center Miocene.^[25] This ancestor was probable arboreal and lived in the canopies of the all-encompassing forests that covered most of Commonwealth of australia at that time, when the climate was much wetter, and fed on leaves and stems.^[26] From the Late Miocene through the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene the climate got drier, which led to a turn down of forests and expansion of grasslands. At this time, there was a radiations of macropodids characterised by enlarged torso size and adaptation to the low quality grass diet with the development of foregut fermentation.^[26] The almost numerous early on macropods, the Balbaridae and the Bulungmayinae, became extinct in the Late Miocene around 5–10 mya.^[27] There is dispute over the relationships of the two groups to modernistic kangaroos and rat-kangaroos. Some contend that the balbarines were the ancestors of rat-kangaroos and the bulungmayines were the ancestors of kangaroos.^[28] while others hold the contrary view.^[29]

The middle to belatedly bulungmayines, Ganguroo and Wanburoo lacked digit one of the hind pes and digits 2 and iii were reduced and partly nether the big digit iv, much like the modern kangaroo foot. This would indicate that they were bipedal. In add-on, their talocrural joint bones had an articulation that would have prohibited much lateral movements, an adaptation for bipedal hopping.^[27] Species related to the modernistic grayness kangaroos and wallaroos begin to appear in the Pliocene. The red kangaroo appears to exist the virtually recently evolved kangaroo, with its fossil tape non going back across the Pleistocene era, 1–ii mya.^[thirty]

The commencement kangaroo to be exhibited in the Western world was an example shot by John Gore, an officer on Captain Cook'southward ship, HMS Endeavour, in 1770.^{[31] [32]} The animal was shot and its skin and skull transported back to England whereupon it was stuffed (by taxidermists who had never seen the animal before) and displayed to the full general public every bit a curiosity. The first glimpse of a kangaroo for many 18th-century Britons was a painting by George Stubbs.^[33]

Comparing with wallabies

Kangaroos and wallabies belong to the same taxonomic family (Macropodidae) and often the same genera, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of the family. The term wallaby is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has non been designated otherwise.^[3]

Biology and behaviour

Locomotion

Kangaroos are the but large animals to use hopping as a ways of locomotion. The comfortable hopping speed for a ruby-red kangaroo is about twenty–25 km/h (12–16 mph), only speeds of up to seventy km/h (43 mph) can be attained over brusque distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for about 2 km (1.2 mi).^[34] During a hop, the powerful gastrocnemius muscles lift the body off the footing while the smaller plantaris muscle, which attaches almost the large fourth toe, is used for push button-off. 70 percent of potential energy is stored in the elastic tendons.^[35] At slow speeds, it employs pentapedal locomotion, using its tail to form a tripod with its ii forelimbs while bringing its hind anxiety forrad. Both pentapedal walking and fast hopping are energetically costly. Hopping at moderate speeds is the most energy efficient, and a kangaroo moving above 15 km/h (9.3 mph) maintains energy consistency more than similarly sized animals running at the same speed.^[30]

Nutrition

Kangaroos in their native grassland habitat

Kangaroos take single-chambered stomachs quite unlike those of cattle and sheep, which take four compartments.^{[36] [37]} They sometimes regurgitate the vegetation they accept eaten, chew it as cud, and then consume it again for last digestion. However, this is a different, more strenuous, activeness than it is in ruminants, and does not have place equally oftentimes.^[38]

Different species of kangaroos have different diets, although all are strict herbivores. The eastern greyness kangaroo is predominantly a grazer, and eats a wide variety of grasses, whereas another species such as the cherry-red kangaroo include significant amounts of shrubs in their diets. Smaller species of kangaroos also consume hypogeal fungi. Many species are nocturnal,^[39] and crepuscular,^{[40] [41]} usually spending the hot days resting in shade, and the absurd evenings, nights and mornings moving about and feeding.

Absence of digestive methane release

Despite having herbivorous diets similar to ruminants such every bit cattle, which release large quantities of digestive methane through exhaling and eructation (burping), kangaroos release virtually none. The hydrogen byproduct of fermentation is instead converted into acetate, which is then used to provide farther energy. Scientists are interested in the possibility of transferring the bacteria responsible for this process from kangaroos to cattle, since the greenhouse gas result of marsh gas is 23 times greater than carbon dioxide per molecule.^[42]

Social and sexual behavior

Groups of kangaroos are called mobs, courts or troupes, which ordinarily take ten or more kangaroos in them. Living in mobs can provide protection for some of the weaker members of the group.^[21] The size and stability of mobs vary between geographic regions,^[26] with eastern Australia having larger and more stable aggregations than in arid areas farther w.^[26] Larger aggregations display high amounts of interactions and complex social structures, comparable to that of ungulates.^[26] One common behavior is nose touching and sniffing, which mostly occurs when an individual joins a group.^[30] The kangaroo performing the sniffing gains much information from odour cues. This beliefs enforces social cohesion without consequent aggression. During mutual sniffing, if one kangaroo is smaller, it will concur its body closer to the ground and its head will quiver, which serves equally a possible form of submission.^[30] Greetings between males and females are common, with larger males being the about involved in coming together females. Most other non-combative behavior occurs between mothers and their young. Mother and immature reinforce their bond through grooming. A mother volition groom her young while it is suckling or after it is finished suckling.^[30] A joey will nuzzle its mother'southward pouch if it wants access to it.

Sexual activeness of kangaroos consists of consort pairs.^[43] Oestrous females roam widely and attract the attention of males with conspicuous signals.^[43] A male will monitor a female and follow her every motion. He sniffs her urine to encounter if she is in oestrus, a procedure exhibiting the flehmen response. The male volition and so proceed to arroyo her slowly to avoid alarming her.^[26] If the female does not run abroad, the male volition proceed by licking, pawing, and scratching her, and copulation will follow.^[26] After copulation is over, the male will move on to another female. Espoused pairing may take several days and the copulation is also long. Thus, a consort pair is likely to attract the attention of a rival male.^[43] As larger males are tending bonds with females most oestrus, smaller males will tend to females that are farther from oestrus.^[26] Dominant males can avoid having to sort through females to determine their reproductive status past searching for tending bonds held by the largest male they can displace without a fight.^[26]

Fighting has been described in all species of kangaroos. Fights between kangaroos can be brief or long and ritualised.^[30] In highly competitive situations, such as males fighting for admission to oestrous females or at limited drinking spots, the fights are cursory.^[30] Both sexes will fight for drinking spots, but long, ritualised fighting or "battle" is largely done by males. Smaller males fight more oft near females in oestrus, while the large males in consorts exercise not seem to go involved. Ritualised fights can arise all of a sudden when males are grazing together. However, most fights are preceded by two males scratching and grooming each other.^[30] One or both of them will adopt a high standing posture, with ane male issuing a challenge by grasping the other male'south neck with its forepaw. Sometimes, the claiming volition exist declined. Large males often turn down challenges by smaller males. During fighting, the combatants adopt a high standing posture and paw at each other's heads, shoulders and chests. They volition also lock forearms and wrestle and push each other besides as balance on their tails to kick each other in the abdomen.^[xxx]

Brief fights are similar, except there is no forearm locking. The losing combatant seems to employ kicking more ofttimes, perhaps to parry the thrusts of the eventual winner. A winner is decided when a kangaroo breaks off the fight and retreats. Winners are able to push button their opponents backwards or downwardly to the ground. They also seem to grasp their opponents when they suspension contact and push them away.^[30] The initiators of the fights are usually the winners. These fights may serve to plant authority hierarchies among males, as winners of fights accept been seen to displace their opponent from resting sites after in the 24-hour interval.^[30] Dominant males may also pull grass to intimidate subordinate ones.^[26]

Predators

Kangaroos have a few natural predators. The thylacine, considered by palaeontologists to have once been a major natural predator of the kangaroo, is now extinct. Other extinct predators included the marsupial lion, Megalania and Wonambi. However, with the arrival of humans in Australia at least 50,000 years ago and the introduction of the dingo almost v,000 years ago, kangaroos have had to adapt.

Forth with dingoes, introduced species such every bit foxes, feral cats, and both domestic and feral dogs, pose a threat to kangaroo populations. Kangaroos and wallabies are adept swimmers, and often abscond into waterways if presented with the option. If pursued into the water, a big kangaroo may use its forepaws to concur the predator underwater then as to drown it.^[44] Another defensive tactic described by witnesses is catching the attacking domestic dog with the forepaws and disembowelling it with the hind legs.

Adaptations

Kangaroos have developed a number of adaptations to a dry, infertile country and highly variable climate. As with all marsupials, the young are born at a very early on stage of evolution—later on a gestation of 31–36 days. At this stage, only the forelimbs are somewhat adult, to allow the newborn to climb to the pouch and adhere to a teat. In comparison, a human embryo at a similar stage of development would exist almost seven weeks former, and premature babies born at less than 23 weeks are ordinarily non mature enough to survive. When the joey is built-in, it is about the size of a lima edible bean. The joey will usually stay in the pouch for nigh nine months (180–320 days for the Western Grey) before starting to get out the pouch for small periods of time. It is usually fed by its female parent until reaching 18 months.

The female kangaroo is ordinarily pregnant in permanence, except on the mean solar day she gives birth; all the same, she has the ability to freeze the development of an embryo until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch. This is known as embryonic diapause, and volition occur in times of drought and in areas with poor nutrient sources. The composition of the milk produced by the mother varies according to the needs of the joey. In addition, the mother is able to produce two different kinds of milk simultaneously for the newborn and the older joey still in the pouch.

Unusually, during a dry period, males will not produce sperm, and females volition excogitate only if enough rain has fallen to produce a big quantity of green vegetation.^[45]

The hind leg of a kangaroo

Kangaroos and wallabies have large, elastic tendons in their hind legs. They shop elastic strain energy in the tendons of their big hind legs, providing well-nigh of the energy required for each hop past the spring activeness of the tendons rather than by any muscular attempt.^[46] This is true in all animal species which have muscles connected to their skeletons through elastic elements such as tendons, just the upshot is more pronounced in kangaroos.

There is as well a link betwixt the hopping activity and animate: equally the feet leave the ground, air is expelled from the lungs; bringing the feet forrad prepare for landing refills the lungs, providing farther energy efficiency. Studies of kangaroos and wallabies have demonstrated, beyond the minimum energy expenditure required to hop at all, increased speed requires very footling extra endeavour (much less than the same speed increase in, say, a horse, dog or homo), and the extra energy is required to carry actress weight. For kangaroos, the key benefit of hopping is non speed to escape predators—the height speed of a kangaroo is no college than that of a similarly sized quadruped, and the Australian native predators are in any example less fearsome than those of other countries—but economy: in an infertile country with highly variable weather patterns, the ability of a kangaroo to travel long distances at moderately high speed in search of food sources is crucial to survival.

New research has revealed that a kangaroo's tail acts as a tertiary leg rather than just a balancing strut. Kangaroos have a unique three-stage walk where they found their front legs and tail offset, then push off their tail, followed lastly by the dorsum legs. The propulsive force of the tail is equal to that of both the front end and hind legs combined and performs as much work as what a human leg walking tin at the aforementioned speed.^[47]

A DNA sequencing projection of the genome of a member of the kangaroo family, the tammar wallaby, was started in 2004. It was a collaboration between Australia (mainly funded by the State of Victoria) and the National Institutes of Wellness in the United states of america.^[48] The tammar's genome was fully sequenced in 2011.^[49] The genome of a marsupial such as the kangaroo is of great involvement to scientists studying comparative genomics, because marsupials are at an ideal degree of evolutionary divergence from humans: mice are as well close and have non developed many different functions, while birds are genetically too remote. The dairy manufacture could as well benefit from this project.^[50]

Blindness

Eye disease is rare only not new amid kangaroos. The first official study of kangaroo blindness took place in 1994, in central New South Wales. The following twelvemonth, reports of bullheaded kangaroos appeared in Victoria and South Australia. By 1996, the disease had spread "across the desert to Western Australia".^[51] Australian authorities were concerned the affliction could spread to other livestock and possibly humans. Researchers at the Australian Animate being Wellness Laboratories in Geelong detected a virus called the Wallal virus in two species of midges, believed to take been the carriers.^{[52] [53]} Veterinarians also discovered fewer than 3% of kangaroos exposed to the virus developed blindness.^[51]

Reproduction and life cycle

A newborn joey sucking on a teat in the pouch

Kangaroo reproduction is similar to that of opossums. The egg (even so contained in the vanquish membrane, a few micrometres thick, and with only a small-scale quantity of yolk inside it) descends from the ovary into the uterus. There it is fertilised and quickly develops into a neonate. Even in the largest kangaroo species (the red kangaroo), the neonate emerges after merely 33 days. Normally, only one young is born at a time. Information technology is blind, hairless, and merely a few centimetres long; its hindlegs are mere stumps; it instead uses its more developed forelegs to climb its way through the thick fur on its mother'due south belly into the pouch, which takes nigh three to v minutes. One time in the pouch, it fastens onto one of the 4 teats and starts to feed. Nearly immediately, the mother'south sexual cycle starts again. Another egg descends into the uterus and she becomes sexually receptive. And then, if she mates and a 2nd egg is fertilised, its evolution is temporarily halted. This is known as embryonic diapause, and will occur in times of drought and in areas with poor food sources. Meanwhile, the neonate in the pouch grows quickly. Subsequently about 190 days, the baby (joey) is sufficiently large and adult to make its full emergence out of the pouch, after sticking its caput out for a few weeks until it somewhen feels safe enough to fully sally. From then on, information technology spends increasing time in the exterior earth and eventually, afterward virtually 235 days, information technology leaves the pouch for the terminal fourth dimension.^[54] The lifespan of kangaroos averages at six years in the wild^[55] to in backlog of 20 years in captivity, varying by the species.^[56] Most individuals, however, do non reach maturity in the wild.^{[57] [58]}

Interaction with humans

A kangaroo in a domestic setting, Queensland, Commonwealth of australia, circa 1900–1910

The kangaroo has ever been a very important animal for Aboriginal Australians, for its meat, hide, bone, and tendon. Kangaroo hides were also sometimes used for recreation; in particular there are accounts of some tribes (Kurnai) using stuffed kangaroo scrotum as a ball for the traditional football of marngrook. In addition, in that location were of import Dreaming stories and ceremonies involving the kangaroo. Aherrenge is a electric current kangaroo dreaming site in the Northern Territory.^[59]

Unlike many of the smaller macropods, kangaroos accept fared well since European settlement. European settlers cutting down forests to create vast grasslands for sheep and cattle grazing, added stock watering points in arid areas, and accept substantially reduced the number of dingoes.

Kangaroos are shy and retiring by nature, and in normal circumstances present no threat to humans. In 2003, Lulu, an eastern grey which had been hand-reared, saved a farmer's life by alerting family members to his location when he was injured by a falling tree co-operative. She received the RSPCA Commonwealth of australia National Animal Valour Award on nineteen May 2004.^{[threescore] [61] [62]}

There are very few records of kangaroos attacking humans without provocation; still, several such unprovoked attacks in 2004 spurred fears of a rabies-like disease perhaps affecting the marsupials. The but reliably documented case of a fatality from a kangaroo attack occurred in New South Wales in 1936. A hunter was killed when he tried to rescue his two dogs from a heated fray. Other suggested causes for erratic and dangerous kangaroo behaviour include extreme thirst and hunger. In July 2011, a male cerise kangaroo attacked a 94-yr-old woman in her ain backyard as well as her son and ii police officers responding to the situation. The kangaroo was capsicum sprayed (pepper sprayed) and later put down afterward the attack.^{[63] [64]}

Kangaroos-even those that are non domesticated-^[65] tin communicate with humans, according to a research study.^{[65] [66]}

Conflict with vehicles

A "kangaroo crossing" sign on an Australian highway

Nine out of 10 beast collisions in Australia involve kangaroos. A collision with a vehicle is capable of killing a kangaroo. Kangaroos dazzled by headlights or startled past engine racket often leap in front of cars. Since kangaroos in mid-spring can reach speeds of around 50 km/h (31 mph) and are relatively heavy, the force of impact tin can exist astringent. Small vehicles may be destroyed, while larger vehicles may endure engine damage. The hazard of harm or death to vehicle occupants is greatly increased if the windscreen is the signal of affect. Equally a result, "kangaroo crossing" signs are commonplace in Australia.

Vehicles that frequent isolated roads, where roadside help may exist scarce, are often fitted with "roo confined" to minimise damage caused by collision. Bonnet-mounted devices, designed to scare wild animals off the road with ultrasound and other methods, take been devised and marketed.

If a female is the victim of a collision, animal welfare groups ask that her pouch be checked for whatsoever surviving joey, in which instance it may be removed to a wild animals sanctuary or veterinarian surgeon for rehabilitation. Likewise, when an adult kangaroo is injured in a collision, a vet, the RSPCA Australia or the National Parks and Wild fauna Service can be consulted for instructions on proper care. In New Southward Wales, rehabilitation of kangaroos is carried out by volunteers from WIRES. Council road signs often list phone numbers for callers to report injured animals.

Emblems and pop culture

The kangaroo is a recognisable symbol of Australia. The kangaroo and emu feature on the Australian coat of arms. Kangaroos have also been featured on coins, most notably the v kangaroos on the Australian one dollar money. The Australian Fabricated logo consists of a golden kangaroo in a light-green triangle to evidence that a production is grown or made in Australia.

Registered trademarks of early Australian companies using the kangaroo included Yung, Schollenberger & Co. Walla Walla Brand leather and skins (1890); Arnold V. Henn (1892) whose emblem showed a family of kangaroos playing with a skipping rope; Robert Lascelles & Co. linked the speed of the animal with its velocipedes (1896); while some overseas manufacturers, similar that of "The Kangaroo" prophylactic matches (made in Japan) of the early 1900s, also adopted the symbol. Even today, Australia'southward national airline, Qantas, uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo.^[67]

The kangaroo appears in Rudyard Kipling'due south Just So Stories, "The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo", while the kangaroo is chased by a dingo, he gives Nqong the Big God's advice, that his legs and tail grew longest before 5 o'clock.^[68]

The kangaroo and wallaby characteristic predominantly in Australian sports teams names and mascots. Examples include the Australian national rugby league team (the Kangaroos) and the Australian national rugby marriage team (the Wallabies). In a nation-broad contest held in 1978 for the XII Commonwealth Games by the Games Australia Foundation Limited in 1982, Hugh Edwards' pattern was chosen; a simplified form of six thick stripes arranged in pairs extending from forth the edges of a triangular heart represent both the kangaroo in full flying, and a stylised "A" for Commonwealth of australia.^[67]

Kangaroos are well represented in films, television, books, toys and souvenirs around the earth. Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was a popular 1960s Australian children'due south television series almost a fictional pet kangaroo. Kangaroos are featured in the Rolf Harris song "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" and several Christmas carols.

Meat

Kangaroo meat on auction in Melbourne

The kangaroo has been a source of food for ethnic Australians for tens of thousands of years. Kangaroo meat is high in protein and depression in fatty (about 2%). Kangaroo meat has a high concentration of conjugated linoleic acrid (CLA) compared with other foods, and is a rich source of vitamins and minerals.^[69] Low fat diets rich in CLA accept been studied for their potential in reducing obesity and atherosclerosis.^{[70] [71]}

Kangaroo meat is sourced from wildlife and is seen by many as the best source of population control programs^[72] as opposed to culling them as pests where carcasses are left in paddocks. Kangaroos are harvested past highly skilled, licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice and are protected by state and federal legislation.^{[73] [74]}

Kangaroo meat is exported to many countries around the world. However, it is not considered biblically kosher by Jews or Adventists.^[75] Information technology is considered halal according to Muslim dietary standards, because kangaroos are herbivorous.^[76]

Run into too

• BionicKangaroo – Robot – biomimetic robot
• Boxing kangaroo (symbol)
• Embryonic diapause
• Kangaroo industry

References

1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. One thousand. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 64 & 66. ISBN0-801-88221-iv. OCLC 62265494.
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Further reading

• McCullough, Dale R.; McCullough, Yvette (2000). Kangaroos in Outback Australia. Columbia Academy Press. ISBN978-0-231-11916-0.
• Flannery, Timothy Fridtjof; Martin, Roger (1996). Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History. Melbourne: Reed Books. ISBN978-0-7301-0492-6.
• Underhill D. (1993). Australia's Dangerous Creatures. Sydney NSW: Reader'due south Digest. ISBN978-0-86438-018-0.
• Archer, Michael (1985). The Kangaroo. Sydney NSW: Kevin Weldon Press. ISBN978-0-949708-22-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macropus.

Look up kangaroo in Wiktionary, the gratuitous lexicon.

• Video of Kangaroo giving Nativity

johnsonovertaker.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo

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